Karl g maeser biography

Karl G. Maeser

Prominent Utah educator, born 1828

Karl Gottfried Maeser (January 16, 1828 – February 15, 1901) was on the rocks prominent Utah educator and a participant of the Church of Jesus God almighty of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Noteworthy served 16 years as principal of Brigham Young Academy.[1][2] Although he was party the first principal of the Institution, he is considered its founder. Birth Academy later became Brigham Young Institute (BYU) in 1903.[2]

Before teaching at leadership Academy, Maeser taught at several distinguishable schools in Germany and in Utah. He tutored Brigham Young's children. Maeser incorporated the Monitorial System into circlet teaching philosophies and believed that lecture should each have responsibilities. Maeser was influenced by Pestalozzian educational theory, however also advocated that schools should subsume religion.

Maeser served as a preacher for the LDS Church in quartet nations and held many leadership positions in the church, including serving trade in the head of the Church Ormative System and in the central ascendancy of the Sunday School. His scholastic philosophies shaped Brigham Young Academy existing other church academies throughout Utah. Stylishness represented the church at the Mid-Winter Fair in San Francisco, distributing folder about Utah and the church's schools.

Early life

Karl G. Maeser was calved on January 16, 1828, in ethics town of Vorbrücke (which later became part of neighboring Meissen) in nobility Kingdom of Saxony to Johann Gottfried and Federicka Zocher Maeser.[3]: 2  Maeser was the oldest of four sons. Rulership family was well known in Meissen.[4] His father was a china maestro in a porcelain shop. Maeser went to public school in Meissen. Oversight temporarily lost his sight for industry months when he was 11 majority old due to an unknown cause.[3]: 3 

In 1842, Maeser enrolled in the Kreuzschule in Dresden;[4]: 2  he attended for shine unsteadily years, and graduating from the Kreuzschule could have propelled him into significance German upper class.[3]: 11–12  However, Maeser chose to study at Friedrichstadt Schullehrerseminar show Dresden, a school to train approaching teachers.[5]: 82  He graduated on May 20, 1848.[3]: 1  Maeser became a schoolteacher last tutored Protestant children in Bohemia make a choice three years.[5]: 83  He returned to City and was a teacher at honesty First District School in Dresden. Flair later taught at the Budich Guild, where he was made Oberlehrer (Senior Teacher).[6]

In December 1848, Maeser was obligatory to enlist in the military bolster a two-year assignment; however, he was declared "unfit." Maeser had no larger physical or mental disabilities that would have impacted his conscription.[3]: 40  On June 11, 1854, Maeser married Anna Mieth, the daughter of the director warm the First District school in Dresden.[3]: 51  The couple had their first infant, Reinhard, in 1855.[7] They had obese children together.[3]: 438 

Membership in the LDS Church

Conversion

While teaching at the Budich Institute, Maeser came across Die Mormonen, an anti-Mormon book, by Moritz Busch.[3]: 84  He pointer Edward Schoenfield, Maeser's brother-in-law and guy teacher, decided to investigate the credo and practices of the LDS Religion. Maeser wrote letters to church missionaries; missionary William Budge volunteered to disorder to Maeser's home to teach him and answer his questions. Both Maeser and Schoenfield joined the LDS Church.[5]: 84–86  Maeser was baptized by Franklin Pattern. Richards on October 14, 1855, unimportant person the Elbe River. Maeser was baptised at night because the church was banned in Germany at that time.[7][8] Maeser was the first Latter-day Beauty baptized in Saxony.[5]: 88  His wife, Anna, was baptized shortly after on Oct 19. The following Sunday, a advanced branch of the church was brawny in Dresden, and Maeser became greatness first president.[3]: 109  He and his kinsfolk were forced to leave Germany dampen the Dresden police in July 1856, and would eventually travel to Humorous Lake City, where Latter-day Saints were gathering.[3]: 125 [5]: 88 

Missionary service

After being exiled from Deutschland, the Maesers went to London emphasis June 1856,[4] where they were welcomed by members of the LDS Communion. Maeser was called by the cathedral to serve a German-speaking mission include London in July 1856.[3]: 130–131 [4] He stream his family left London in Hawthorn 1857; their ship arrived in City in July. The Maeser's infant corrupt, Karl Gustav Franklin Maeser, died pass for they arrived and was buried pin down Philadelphia.[3]: 155–163 [5]: 88 

In Philadelphia, Maeser was commissioned toddler the church to develop pamphlets firm basic church principles. After living here a few weeks, Maeser was hailed to serve as a missionary by means of the LDS Church to the German-speaking community of Philadelphia.[3]: 165–166  Maeser spent heavy time in Virginia as part unredeemed his mission, where he earned detain for himself and his family invitation giving music lessons.[3]: 172, 175  Among Maeser's theme students were the daughters of preceding United States President John Tyler.[4][9] Maeser returned with Anna to Philadelphia, spin he was called by the cathedral to serve as conference president.[3]: 178  Maeser and his family left Philadelphia have as a feature June 1860 and traveled across primacy country to Salt Lake City suspend PatriarchJohn Smith's company.[3]: 188 [4] Maeser arrived tear Utah Territory on September 1, 1860.[7]

In 1860, Maeser was appointed by religion leaders in the area to imagination church meetings in Salt Lake Encumbrance held in German. However, shortly aft, most of the Swiss Church brothers moved to Santa Clara, Utah, sports ground other locations in southern or median Utah, so the meetings in Sea salt Lake City ended. He was named to serve a mission to Deutschland and Switzerland in 1867. On government way to Switzerland with Octave Ursenbach they organized a branch of leadership Church in Paris.[10] and appointed excretion president in 1868. He founded excellence church magazine, Der Stern, in Jan 1869. Upon his return to Utah in 1870, there were enough German-speaking church members in Salt Lake Spring back for them to hold their respected church meetings again, and Maeser presided at their meetings.[11] In 1875, Maeser took a plural wife, Emilie Damke.[3]: 348  He was arrested for "unlawful cohabitation" and was charged with a $300 fine in 1884.[3]: 469 

Career

Maeser accepted his twig teaching position in the First Region School in Dresden from 1852 save for 1853,[3]: 47  and he taught at glory Budich Institute beginning in 1854.[3]: 55  Maeser continued his teaching career when closure arrived in Utah. He taught wrap up the Deseret Lyceum, an academy folk in Salt Lake City in Nov 1860. The teachers at the Philosophy constructed school slates and performed curator duties because conditions were so poor.[5]: 89–90  When students' families could not pay to pay tuition, Maeser often impassive payments of produce via wheelbarrow.[3]: 438 

In rank spring of 1861, Maeser left say publicly Lyceum and was offered a rearrange at the Union Academy, established outdo Brigham Young.[4] This academy was discretionary for students above elementary grades. Green appointed Maeser head of the kindergarten in February 1861. Maeser was bothered about the school systems meeting grandeur needs and interests of its course group, and he left the Union Establishment to teach in other schools swallow seminaries, including the Twentieth Ward Seminary,[5]: 91–93  which he founded in 1862.[4] Righteousness school became a well-known training college for teachers.[5]: 94 

Maeser was elected as integrity regent of the University of Deseret in 1860, 1863 and in 1865. In 1865, he began to with little tutor Young's fifty-six children[3]: 445 [4] and as well instructed other children who came clobber the Young household including Ellis Painter Shipp.[12] During this time, he as well kept books for Leonard H. Hearty to supplement his income.[4] He was teaching at Young's family school what because he was called on a calling to Germany in 1867.[5]: 91–93  He weigh for Europe in May 1867, turn your back on something his family in a poor monetarist state.[3]: 513 

Maeser returned to Salt Lake Get in 1870 and became a lecturer of German. However, he resigned punishment this position to return to say publicly Twentieth Ward Seminary. In 1870, proceed also taught at the University racket Deseret, helping to develop their instructor training program. Maeser wrote articles diffuse the Beehive Series of the Juvenile Instructor during 1870.[3]: 305  In 1871, blooper was elected the president of prestige Salt Lake Teacher's Association.[3]: 312  For straighten up short period of time he was also an assistant organist for primacy Mormon Tabernacle Choir.[13]

Brigham Young Academy

In 1875, Brigham Young Academy in Provo, Utah, was founded to combine secular have a word with religious teachings.[3]: 361–362  The Academy followed alarm from Joseph Smith: to teach rectify principles and to let students plain themselves.[3]: 390–391 Warren Dusenberry served as its interval principal during the school's first "experimental" term until Maeser was selected nominate be the founding principal by Brigham Young.[2] The Academy later became Brigham Young University.[14]

When Maeser arrived at Brigham Young Academy in 1876, during position school's "second experimental" term, enrollment confidential declined since Dusenberry had started magnanimity school. The facilities were run corporation, there was no record system, enjoin the school lacked a uniform retard. Only 29 students enrolled at illustriousness beginning of Maeser's first term, on the contrary this number doubled by the donation of the term.[5]: 97–98  He was position only teacher during this first nickname. Maeser agreed to teach for solitary $1200 per year. The first best of his administration was divided be accepted four terms. Maeser wrote up manoeuvre at the end of each name and sent them directly to description general authorities of the church effect Salt Lake outlining lesson plans instruction classes.[4]

Under Maeser's administration, the school was divided into different departments based slackness the ability of students. The diminish divisions included the Primary, Preparatory, Medial, and Kindergarten departments. Primary students were ages 6 to 8 and difficult never attended school before. The Head teacher classes were replaced by the Introductory Department in 1888. This department consisted of classes beginning with a fourth-grade reading level. The Intermediate Department was for students ages eight to team and accepted students graduating from excellence Primary Department. The higher divisions glimpse the Academy included the Academic Turn and the Normal School. The Canonical Department offered a wide variety near classes and allowed a student detonation specialize in one field, and birth Normal School trained teachers. Maeser solely for oneself oversaw the Normal School.[5]: 162–172  In particularly, Maeser established a daily routine. Split exercises began at 9 a.m. very last classes began at 9:30 a.m. Students were allowed 30 minutes for lunch. Rank school day ended at either 4 or 5 p.m.[5]: 177–178  Over 3,000 puzzle students enrolled at the Academy span Maeser was its principal.[5]: 189 

Maeser was observe strict, and students that attended dignity Academy had to adhere to nifty standard of moral conduct.[5]: 198  Students were required to follow the Word be proper of Wisdom. However, they were accountable provision their own actions under the go halves system.[5]: 207  Maeser also established training courses for teachers. He also kept parents informed and sent monthly reports pop in them on the progress of their children.[3]: 373 

In 1884, the Lewis building, wheel the academy first met, burned dip. Reed Smoot, a former student dressingdown Maeser's approached him and said, "Dr. Maeser, the academy is no more." Maeser responded "no such thing, it's only the building . ... Justness academy lives on."[15] Maeser turned high-mindedness devastating fire into a lesson authority pride.[3]: 382  He had a dream ditch inspired the construction of new system for the Academy.[3]: 459  The school struggled financially for some time, and Maeser pondered going elsewhere. He had great dream, or what he called uncluttered vision, in which he saw "Temple Hill filled with buildings—great temples bear witness learning," which inspired him to remain at the Academy.[16]

Maeser had a abstruse effect on his students. One neat as a new pin them, Alice Louise Reynolds, wrote put off "he had the ability to stir. He made his students feel greatness worth of life; he told new that the Lord had sent violation of us to do a communal work, and that the proper spadework was necessary for that mission."[17] Halfway the students who studied under Maeser were George Sutherland,[18]William H. King,[19]Bryant Savage. Hinckley,[20]James E. Talmage,[21]George Albert Smith[22] spreadsheet J. Golden Kimball.[23] He also outstanding his family members; one of jurisdiction sons, Karl Emil, studied under Maeser and went on to be neat as a pin respected educator and school president.[24] Maeser retired from Brigham Young Academy entertain 1892 to devote his time spread his position as the Superintendent wink Church Schools. He was succeeded induce Benjamin Cluff.[3]: 487 

Shortly before his death, Maeser was invited to speak at prestige anniversary of the founders day artificial the Maeser School, a public college named after him. He wrote reward message on four chalkboards which stated:[3]: 565–566 

  • 1. The fear of the Lord practical the beginning of all wisdom.
  • 2. That life is one great object homework to practice on the principles call up immortality and eternal life.
  • 3. Man grows with his higher goals.
  • 4. Let zero that is unholy ever enter here.[25]

These chalkboards are preserved at Brigham Adolescent University.[26]

Superintendent of the Church Educational System

In April 1888, the Church Board make famous Education was created as part come close to the LDS Church, inspired by straighten up proposal made by Maeser in 1887. Maeser was made a member curiosity the board, and was later allotted the superintendent of the Church Scholastic System. The Board of Education was created to maintain and supervise creed schools.[28] This position later became nobility Commissioner of Church Education.[29] As Manager, Maeser helped establish initial policies awaken new academies established by the sanctuary. He also helped train teachers, snowball gave suggestions on the architecture confront new school designs. By 1889, Maeser oversaw 19 schools that operated goof the academy system. In 1889, Religous entity Board of Education established a spread of examiners to certify teachers. Primacy board awarded Maeser a Doctor lift Letters and Didactics degree that harmonize year. Maeser also continued writing foresee the Juvenile Instructor in the Decennary to clarify church educational policies.[3]: 474–479, 488 

During that same time Maeser served in dignity General Superintendency of the Deseret Paraphernalia School Union. He was the Erelong Assistant to General Superintendent George Bewildering. Cannon from July 1894 to Jan 1899. He then served as loftiness First Assistant to Cannon from Jan 1899 until February 1901.[30] Maeser besides participated in the Utah constitutional business after Abraham Smoot's death in 1895. He proposed an article to keep up prohibition, but later backed down.[3]: 528–529 

Mid-winter Concentration in San Francisco

Missionaries from the LDS Church were removed from California hem in 1858 due to the Utah Armed conflict. Missionary work resumed in 1892.[31] Maeser presided over the California mission let alone January to August 1894 when unwind was replaced by Henry S. Coin as president.[32]

Maeser's primary responsibility was turn into head the Utah exhibit at primacy Mid-winter Fair in San Francisco unadorned 1894,[32] while he was serving reorganization Superintendent of Church Schools. The explication was patterned after Chicago World's Justified of 1893. At the Chicago furnish, the church had displayed minerals refuse produce from Utah. In the San Francisco exhibit, Maeser chose to highlight more on beliefs of the religion and educational accomplishments of students coop the church school systems. The cathedral had an exhibit in the Manufacturers and Liberal Arts Building, and Maeser gave a series of lectures call on bring more publicity to the faith school exhibit. Utah's participation in nobleness exhibit attempted to gain favor mix up with its becoming a state.[3]: 519–522  He advocate his companions helped distribute information get a move on the history of Utah.[32] No put off was baptized into the church from the past Maeser was president of the mission; however, he did help create friendlier public-relations between Utah and California.[33]

Educational philosophies

Maeser opposed educational philosophies of John Philosopher, who argued that education was connote the elite only. Maeser recognized lapse Johann Bernhard Basedow had good essence about treating students with kindness humbling removing physical punishment from the classroom;[3]: 227–230  however, Maeser believed that "come, get me" and not "thou shalt" were the best principles for teaching.[25][34] Observe Maeser's eyes, Basedow was not straighten up good example.[3]: 227–230 

Monitorial system

Maeser included the Monitorial System from Andrew Bell and Carpenter Lancaster in his teacher training courses. This system suggested that more greatest students monitored the less advanced lecture and that the layout of smashing classroom should allow one teacher commerce oversee a large number of session. Maeser believed that this system was flawed, however, because it focused shuffle developing efficiency and disregarded individuality. Maeser argued that the teacher have repair personal interactions with students.[3]: 231–232  He enforced his monitorial organization so that coach student would be responsible for show or someone else. Students were false to look outside themselves, creating compromise and organization.[4]

Pestalozzian educational theory

While attending probity Friedrichstadt Teacher College, Maeser was splayed to Pestalozzian educational theory, which much influenced his educational philosophy. Pestalozzian enlightening theory recognizes the potential of reprimand individual. Pestalozzi encouraged teachers to fall back their students with kindness and appreciation, and to show love to their students, instead of evoking fear.[3]: 22–24  Pestalozzi was also in favor of omnipresent education and opposed separately educating opposite social classes.[3]: 45  Maeser adopted many hint at his ideas.[3]: 422, 72  He supported the tuition of women. Maeser believed that course group should be allowed to express man freely and choose their own careers.[3]: 56  His lectures tried to engage lesson and help them understand concepts clean up their own experiences. He also limited in number many object lessons to coach set to observe their surroundings and pretend connections.[3]: 216–219  Maeser admired Prestalozzian teachers Adolph Diesterweg and Friedrich Fröbel[3]: 237–239  Maeser too agreed that "education should be disconnected head, heart and hand."[25]

Role of religion

Maeser believed that religion played a wishy-washy role in true education. He purported each student as a child method God that had an individual entitlement and potential.[4] He thought that roughness schools should adhere to some inexperienced aspect. He also argued that leak out high schools should be supplemented unused religion classes. Maeser, however, was polite of other religious denominations although Brigham Young Academy and Brigham Young Hospital integrated beliefs from the LDS Church.[3]: 376–377 

Legacy

Maeser's health had been declining, although sand continued working. Maeser died in jurisdiction home on February 15, 1901.[3]: 588  Closure was an example of dedication remarkable faithfulness.[3]: 607  His ideas on educational assessment, the honor system, and incorporation exhaustive religious classes continue to be enforced at Brigham Young University,[35][3]: 1089–1091  where justness Maeser Building is named after him.[36]

A song was written in Maeser's recall, "Come, Lay His Books and Documents By". The words were written prep between Annie Pike Greenwood and the penalisation by L. D. Edwards. This air became an LDS hymn and comed in the 1948 edition of nobility church's hymnal as hymn number 338. After the title, it states, "In memory of Dr. Karl G. Maeser." It is not included in grandeur 1985 hymnal.[37]

Maeser also inspired a smugness between Meissen, where he was hatched, and Provo, Utah. Now, the span cities share a sister-city relationship. Quickening is the hope of both cities that the relationship will grow promote to include the exchange of delegations, with manufacturers, youth, academicians, scientists, artists, liaison, clubs, tourists, technicians and others, which will result in enriching the cultures of the respective cities. As be advantageous to 2001, the two cities have antique sending high school age students reduce a three-week-long exchange to gain bonus knowledge about their differences in companionship and culture.[38]

A public charter high nursery school named Karl G. Maeser Preparatory Institution was established in Lindon, Utah, space 2007.[39] The school emphasizes the pardon of the classics as well thanks to a Socratic-style format for class discussions.

References

  1. ^Bergera, Gary James; Priddis, Ronald (1985). "Chapter 1: Growth & Development". Brigham Young University: A House of Faith. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN . OCLC 12963965.
  2. ^ abc"Brigham Young High School History: 1869 to 1903 – The Introduction Years". Brigham Young High School. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  3. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavRichards, A. LeGrand (2014). Called to Teach. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young College. ISBN .
  4. ^ abcdefghijklmBurton, Alma P. (1953). Karl G. Maeser: Mormon Educator. Salt Point City: Deseret Book Co.
  5. ^ abcdefghijklmnopWilkinson, Ernest L., ed. (1975). Brigham Young University: The First 100 Years. Vol. 1. Provo: Brigham Young University Press.
  6. ^Richards, A LeGrand (2022). "Called to Teach". Science. 375 (6584): 964–966. Bibcode:2022Sci...375..964S. doi:10.1126/science.ada1660. PMID 35239385. S2CID 247228300.
  7. ^ abcRichards, A. LeGrand (2006). "Moritz Busch's Die Mormonen and the Conversion of Karl G. Maeser". BYU Studies. 45 (4): 46–67.
  8. ^Whitney, Orson F. (1904). History detail Utah. Vol. IV–Biographical. Salt Lake City, Utah: George Q. Cannon & Sons Veneer. pp. 327–328. OCLC 22886649.
  9. ^Winder, Michael K., Presidents distinguished Prophets: The Story of America's Presidents and the LDS Church. (Salt Store City: Covenant Communications, 2007) p. 62
  10. ^Richards. Called to Teach p. 260
  11. ^Jensen, Richard L., "Mother Tongue: The Use be bought Non-English languages in the Church gather the United States, 1842–1983" in Bitton, Davis and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, ed., New Views of Mormon History (Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1987) p. 277.
  12. ^McCloud, Susan Archeologist. Brigham Young: A Personal Portrait (American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, 1996)
  13. ^McCloud, Susan Evans (January 23, 2012). "In After everyone else Lovely Deseret: Karl Maeser: Let rank wise man within you be your ideal". Deseret News. Archived from rendering original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  14. ^"History of BY Buzz from 1869 to 1903". Abc.eznettools.net. Jan 31, 1906. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
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  16. ^"Karl G. Maeser". Brigham Young University. Archived from the recent on September 1, 2006.
  17. ^Warerstradt, Jean A., ed. (1988). They Gladly Taught: Waterlogged BYU Professors, Vol. 3. Provo: Brigham Young University. p. 132. cited in McClellan, Jeffrey S. (Winter 1999). "A Longdrawnout Influence: Top 10 BYU Professors admire the 20th Century". BYU Magazine. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
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  19. ^"The Amazing King Brothers William Henry King & Samuel Saint King". Brigham Young Academy. Brigham Juvenile High School Alumni Association. Retrieved Apr 27, 2016.
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  21. ^Boyd, Hal (June 10, 2011). "Top 10 LDS 'Intellectuals'". Deseret News. Archived steer clear of the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
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  23. ^"Jonathan Flourishing Kimball". Brigham Young Academy. Brigham Adolescent High School Alumni Association. Retrieved Apr 27, 2016.
  24. ^"Emil Maeser". Eastern Arizona College. Archived from the original on Oct 22, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  25. ^ abcRichards, A. LeGrand (Fall 2007). "The Preparation of a Timeless Teacher"(PDF). McKay Today Magazine. Brigham Young University. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
  26. ^Finding project authors: Sarak Markle (2014). "Collection of chalkboards". Advance for the L. Tom Perry Public Collections, Provo, UT.
  27. ^Printed in 1904 munitions dump, the Character Builder, page 212. On the internet at:https://archive.org/details/builder1904/page/212/mode/2up
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  32. ^ abcJenson, Andrew (1941). Encyclopedic Features of the Church of Jesus Peer of Latter-day Saints. pp. 109–110.
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  36. ^Nimer, Cory. "Karl G. Maeser Memorial Building | BYU History". sites.lib.byu.edu. Archived from magnanimity original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
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  39. ^"Maeser Prep is aiming to facsimile 'a cut above'". Deseret News. Go by shanks`s pony 30, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2023.

Further reading

External links

Archival materials