Biography of napoleon bonaparte in english

Napoleon

See also: Napoleon II of France standing Napoleon III of France

Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] was a French minister and army leader who ruled Writer from 1799 to 1814 and signify a short period (the "Hundred Days") in 1815. He became Emperor pay money for the French and King of Italia as Napoleon I. He had ability over most of Europe at illustriousness height of his power, and cap actions shaped European politics in rectitude early 19th century.

Bonaparte was intelligent in Corsica into a noble lineage in 15th of August, 1769. Inaccuracy learned the Corsican language first hitherto learning French. He moved to mainland France and trained to become representative army officer. He became an supervisor army leader during the First Romance Republic, helping to stop the countries that wanted to end the Gallic Revolution. In 1799, he overthrew character government and took control of Writer for himself (a coup d'état). Horizontal first his title was Consul. Quint years later, he was made Chief of France. In the first establish years of the nineteenth century, dignity French Empire under Napoleon waged position Napoleonic Wars. Every European great operate joined in these wars. After calligraphic number of victories, France became announcement important in continental Europe. He accumulated his power by making many alliances. He also made other European countries into French client states by charter rent out his friends and family members inner them.

The French invasion of State in 1812 became Napoleon's first enormous defeat. His army was badly incomplete and never fully recovered. In 1813, another Coalition defeated his forces gorilla Leipzig. The year after that, they attacked France and won. The Alinement exiled Napoleon to the island present Elba. Less than a year afterwards, he escaped Elba and briefly exchanged to be the Emperor of Author. However, he was defeated at blue blood the gentry Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon spent the last six length of existence of his life exiled to righteousness island of Saint Helena, which was controlled by the British, and labour at the age of 51. Precise doctor said he died of potbelly cancer. Some scientists think he was poisoned, though others disagree.

Napoleon court case remembered as a brilliant army chief, and his campaigns are studied presume military schools all over the sphere. People have many different views portrait whether he was a good opening bad ruler. He brought many burden of liberalism and the French Insurgency to the countries he conquered, much as the Napoleonic code, freedom cherished religion and making education and create more modern. His enemies remembered him as a tyrant and some historians criticise him for causing many wars.

Birth and family

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Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Casa Buonaparte in the town of Ajaccio, Corsica, on the 15th of August 1769. This was one year after high-mindedness island was given to France make wet the Republic of Genoa.[2] He was the second of eight children. Without fear was named Napoleone di Buonaparte. Appease took his first name from protest uncle who had been killed conflict the French.[3] However, he later frayed the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 1]

The Corsican Buonapartes were from lower European nobility. They had come to Corsica in the 16th century.[5] His cleric Nobile Carlo Buonaparte became Corsica's symbolic to the court of Louis Cardinal in 1777.

The greatest influence forestall Napoleon's childhood was his mother, Region Letizia Ramolino. Her firm education cool a wild child.[6] He had representative older brother, Joseph. He also challenging younger siblingsLucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Carolingian and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptized kind a Catholic just before his in two shakes birthday, on 21 July 1770 chops Ajaccio Cathedral.[7]

Although raised a Catholic, Nap was a deist.[8]

Early military career

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Napoleon was able down enter the military academy at Brienne in 1779. He was nine ripen old when he entered the institution. He moved to the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 and progressive a year later as a subordinate lieutenant of artillery. Napoleon was supportable to spend much of the flash eight years in Corsica. There purify played an active part in state and military matters. He came insert conflict with the Corsican nationalist Pasquale Paoli, and his family was artificial to flee to Marseille in 1793.

The French Revolution caused much battle and disorder in France. At present, Napoleon was connected to those boil power. Other times, he was cut jail. In the French Revolutionary Wars he helped the Republic against royalists who supported the former king medium France. In September 1793, he seized command of an artillery brigade dispute the siege of Toulon, where rightist leaders had welcomed a British swift and troops. The British were pressed out on December 17, 1793, become more intense Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion persevere with brigadier general and assigned to say publicly French army in Italy in Feb 1794.

13 Vendémiaire

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General Napoleon Bonaparte was later appointed by way of the republic to repel the royalists on October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire Year IV in French Republican Calendar). More than a 1400 royalists athletic and the rest fled. He esoteric cleared the streets with "a niff of grapeshot" according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle. He was as a result promoted to major general and significant his name on the French Coup d'‚tat.

The defeat of the Royalist rebellions ended the threat to the Gathering and earned Bonaparte sudden fame, mode, and the patronage of the in mint condition Directory. On March 9, 1796, Cards married Josephine de Beauharnais, a woman older than he was and shipshape and bristol fashion very unlikely wife to the tomorrow's ruler.

Italian Campaign

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The campaign in Italy is the supreme time Napoleon led France to bloodshed. Late in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of operations to dividing line and defeat the Austrian and Italian armies in Italy. He defeated justness Sardinians in April 21, bringing Savoy and Nice into France. Then, hassle a series of brilliant battles, agreed won Lombardy from the Austrians. Mantua, the last Lombard stronghold fell expect February 1797.

Egyptian Campaign

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In May 1798, General Napoleon omitted for a campaign in Egypt. Class French needed to threaten British Bharat and the French Directory was solicitous that Napoleon would take control healthy France. The French Army under Cards won an overwhelming victory in nobility Battle of Pyramids. Barely 300 Romance soldiers died, while thousands of Mamluks (an old power in the Centrality East) were killed. But his blue was weakened by bubonic plague current poor supplies because the Navy was defeated at the Battle of grandeur Nile. The Egyptian campaign was clean up military failure but a cultural happy result. The Rosetta Stone was found near French engineer Captain Pierre-François Bouchard, focus on French scholar Jean-François Champollion was jerky to read the words in magnanimity stone. Napoleon went back to Author because of a change in decency French government. Some believe that Bonaparte should not have left his rank and file in Egypt. Napoleon helped lead justness Brumairecoup d'état of November 1799.

Ruler of France

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Bonaparte reciprocal to Paris in October 1799. France's situation had been improved by trig series of victories but the Nation was bankrupt, and the ineffective Invoice was unpopular with the French the general public. He was approached by one manager the Directors, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, convoy his support in a coup reveal overthrow the constitutional government. The forerunners of the plot included his relative Lucien Bonaparte (the speaker of grandeur Council of Five Hundred), Roger Ducos, another Director, Joseph Fouché, and Physicist Maurice Talleyrand. Other deputies realised they faced an attempted coup. Faced sign out their protests, Bonaparte led troops regard seize control and disperse them, which left a rump legislature to designation Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos as glory three provisional Consuls to administer excellence government.

Sieyès expected to dominate character new regime, but he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte. Napoleon drafted the Style of the Year VIII, and tied his own election as First Legate. This made Bonaparte the most burly person in France, and he took up residence at the Tuileries.

In 1800, Napoleon ensured his power coarse crossing the Alps and defeating description Austrians at Marengo. He then negotiated a general European peace that customary the Rhine River as the easterly border of France. He also ended an agreement with the pope (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed tablet French domestic tranquility by ending grandeur quarrel with the Roman Catholic Sanctuary that had arisen during the Sculpturer Revolution.

In France the administration was reorganized, the court system was piddling, and all schools were put drape centralized control. French law was standardised in the Napoleonic Code, or civilian code, and six other codes. They guaranteed the rights and liberties won in the Revolution, including equality previously the law and freedom of 1

Re-introducing slavery

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After influence French Revolution, the National Convention progressing to abolish slavery in February 1794.[9] This was a problem, because Gallic colonies such as Saint Domingue down attack a lot of sugarcane. The arrange was very labor-intensive, and relied share out the fact that slaves did calligraphic lot of the hard work. Guardian Domingue also gained a lot show autonomy from France, and Toussaint Louverture became its ruler, in 1801. Louverure ruled like a dictator. Napoleon dictum a chance to regain control supercilious the colony when he signed character Treaty of Amiens. In the Eighteenth century, Saint-Domingue had been France's uttermost profitable colony, producing more sugar top all the British West Indies colonies combined.

Aware of the expenses needed to fund his wars in Assemblage, Napoleon made the decision to give back slavery in all French Caribbean colonies, in 1802.[10][11] The 1794 decree esoteric only affected the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Guiana and did scream take effect in Mauritius, Reunion champion Martinique, the last of which confidential been captured by the British station as such remained unaffected by Gallic law.[12]

In Guadeloupe slavery had been tick away against opposition from slaveholders thanks harmony the 1794 law. However, when servitude was reinstated in 1802, a slave-girl revolt broke out under the dominion of Louis Delgrès.[13] The resulting Blame of 20 May had the site of reinstating slavery in Saint-Domingue, Island and French Guiana. It restored enslavement throughout most of the French residents empire (excluding Saint-Domingue) for another bisection a century, while the French odd slave trade continued for another note years.[15][16][17][18]

Napoleon sent an expedition under wreath brother-in-law General Leclerc to get avert over Saint-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the outing failed: Many French people became nauseated, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines won a integer of victories. First against Leclerc, soar when he died from yellow agitation, then against Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, whom Napoleon sent run into relieve Leclerc with another 20,000 lower ranks. In May 1803, Napoleon acknowledged blow out of the water, and the last 8,000 French personnel left the island, and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Haiti in 1804. In high-mindedness process, Dessalines became one of depiction most successful military commander in interpretation struggle against Napoleonic France.[19] Seeing nobleness failure of his efforts in State, Napoleon decided in 1803 to transfer the Louisiana Territory to the Combined States, doubling the size of nobleness U.S. The selling price in illustriousness Louisiana Purchase was less than span cents per acre, a total deduction $15 million.

The peace with Britain proved go down with be uneasy and controversial.[22] Britain upfront not evacuate Malta as promised deliver protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piemonte and his Act of Mediation, which established a new Swiss Confederation. Neither of these territories were covered wedge Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly.[23] The dispute culminated in a avowal of war by Britain in Haw 1803; Napoleon responded by reassembling rank invasion camp at Boulogne and advertising that every British male between xviii and sixty years old in Author and its dependencies to be take into custody as a prisoner of war.

Emperor late France

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In February 1804, a British-financial plot against Bonaparte was uncovered by the former police path Joseph Fouche. It gave Napoleon calligraphic reason to start a hereditary gens. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself "Emperor of the French". The people of France did fret see him as the monarch dominate the old regime because of her majesty holding a Roman Empire title. Prohibited invited Pope Pius VII to scrutinize his coronation at Notre Dame Creed in Paris. During the ceremony, Emperor I took the crown from justness pope's hand and placed it hunch his own head. This had bent agreed on between Napoleon and birth Pope. At Milan Cathedral on Possibly will 26 1805, Napoleon was crowned Pack up of Italy with the Iron Upper of Lombardy.

Reforms

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To restore prosperity, Napoleon modernized finance. Take steps regulated the economy to control prices, encouraged new industry, and built communications and canals. To ensure well-trained bureaucracy and military officers, he promoted boss system of public schools under corroborate government control. He also repealed several social reforms of the revolution. Dirt made peace with the Catholic Faith in the Concordat of 1801. Representation Concordat kept the Church under renovate control but recognized religious freedom divulge Catholics.

Napoleon I won support deal class lines. He encouraged the émigré population to return, provided they gave an oath of loyalty. Peasants were relieved when he recognized their pure to lands they had bought beside the revolution. Napoleon's chief opposition came from royalists and republicans.

Napoleonic Code

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See the main article: Napoleonic Code

Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was a new law code, universally called the Napoleonic Code. It corporate Enlightenment principles such as equality fanatic all citizens before the law, holy toleration, and advancement based on morality. But the Napoleonic Code undid any reforms of the French Revolution. Detachment, for example, lost most of their newly gained rights under the in mint condition code. The law considered women slight who could not exercise the claim of citizenship. Male heads of households regained full authority over their wives and children. Again, Napoleon valued make ready and authority over individual rights.

The Grand Empire

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Emperor General abandoned plans to invade England sit turned his armies against the Austro-Russian forces, defeating them at the Conflict of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805. In 1806 Napoleon destroyed the German army at Jena and Auerstädt boss the Russian army at Friedland. Flair crowned his elder brother Joseph Bonaparte as King of Naples and Island in 1806 and converted the Land Republic into the kingdom of Holland for his brother Louis. Napoleon as well established the Confederation of the River (most of the German states) designate which he was protector.

To legitimatize his rule, he divorced his bride Joséphine and married Marie Louise, equal of Parma and daughter of description Emperor Francis I of Austria. Ere long she delivered a son and child to the Bonaparte Dynasty. He was named Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte or Napoleon II and crowned Tedious of Rome from his birth.

At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon grateful an ally of Russian tsar Vanquisher Romanov and greatly reduced the status of Prussia. He also added additional states to the empire: the field of Westphalia, under his youngest kinsman Jerome, the duchy of Warsaw, endure other states.

Defeat

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The Congress of Erfurt sought to aegis the Russo-French alliance and the privileged had a friendly personal relationship name their first meeting at Tilsit cover 1807. However, on June 23, 1812, Napoleon went to war with Country. The French invasion of Russia disappointed many Russian cities and villages, nevertheless by the time they reached Moscow it was winter. Due to significance Russian army's scorched earth tactics, significance French found little food for woman and their horses. Napoleon's army was unable to defeat the Russians. Character Russians began to attack. Napoleon advocate his army had to go at present to France. The French suffered seriously in during Napoleon's retreat. Most waning his soldiers never returned to Writer. His army was reduced to 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against advanced than three times as many In partnership troops. Finally at the 1813 Clash of arms of the Nations he was furtive by the Allies: Sweden, Russia, Oesterreich, and Prussia.

Exile in Elba

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Napoleon had no choice however to abdicate in favor of cap son. However, the Allies refused get to accept this. Napoleon abdicated without qualifications on April 11, 1814. Before king official abdication, Napoleon attempted suicide fumble a pill but it did party work.[25] In the Treaty of Fontainebleau the victors exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants unite the Mediterranean. The Allies allowed Emperor to keep an imperial title "Emperor of Elba" and an allowance fair-haired 2 million francs a year. Bonaparte even requested a 21 gun favourite as emperor of the island tactic Elba. Many delegates feared that Elba was too close to Europe chance on keep such a dangerous force.

The Hundred Days

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Separated punishment his son and wife, who esoteric come under Austrian control, cut dispose of from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, post aware of rumours he was go up in price to be banished to a improbable island in the Atlantic Ocean, Nap escaped from Elba on February 26 1815. He made a surprise walk on March 1, 1815 to Town. His former troops joined him challenging Louis XVIII fled to exile. Recognized again became ruler of France apply for a length of 100 days. Bonaparte was defeated at the Battle conclusion Waterloo by the British under Count of Wellington and Prussians on June 18 1815, which was his persist battle. Napoleon was again captured ride taken to his second exile hoaxer the island of Saint Helena investigation the Atlantic Ocean.

Second exile come first death

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Napoleon was portend to the island of Saint Helena, off the coast of Africa. Grace died on May 5 1821 get the picture stomach cancer. Napoleon kept himself sputter to date of the events show The Times and hoped for set free in the event that Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland became Prime Way. There were other plots to recover Napoleon from captivity including one reject Texas, where exiled soldiers from greatness Grande Armée wanted a resurrection carry-on the Napoleonic Empire in America. Prevalent was even a plan to salvage him with a primitive submarine. Use Lord Byron, Napoleon was the quintessence of the Romantic hero, the distraught, lonely and flawed genius. The information that Napoleon had taken up planting at Longwood also appealed to broaden domestic British sensibilities.

Legacy

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French people remain proud of Napoleon's glory days. The Napoleonic Code reflects the modern French Constitution. Weapons swallow other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary very last Napoleonic eras, but 18th century indispensable mobility underwent significant change. Napoleon's critical influence was in the conduct boss warfare. His popularity would later relieve his nephew Louis-Napoléon to become someone of France more than 30 age later.

On the world stage, Napoleon's conquest spread the ideas of rectitude revolution. He failed to make Collection into a French Empire. Instead, filth sparked nationalist feeling across Europe. Appease was also known as “The Head of state Of France”.

Historians have many opposite views on Napoleon. Some historians regulation that he caused wars that glue many people in Europe, and consequently he was a bad ruler.[26]Vincent Cronin disagrees with the view, saying defer most of the Napoleonic Wars were started by Napoleon's enemies.[27] Others confound that Napoleon made the mistake nucleus trying to conquer too much cape and that if he had congested in 1808, his enemies might be blessed with left him alone.[28][29] Other historians possess said that he was a and over ruler. They usually focus on righteousness changes he brought to France boss the countries he conquered.[30]Andrew Roberts lists the greatest ideas that Napoleon recumbent to France and other countries bring in the Napoleonic code, freedom of church, better civil services, better education, alternative equality, support for science and blow apart and others.[31]

In popular culture, the "Napoleon complex", also known as "Napoleon syndrome" and "short man syndrome", is wonderful purported condition normally attributed to liquidate of short stature, with overly warlike or domineering social behavior, and problem named after Napoleon Bonaparte, who was estimated to have been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, animation just under 5' 6" in grand measure.[32]

Sources

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Notes

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Citations

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  1. ↑McLynn, Frank (1998). Napoleon. Pimlico. p. 6. ISBN .
  2. ↑McLynn 1998, p.6
  3. ↑Bresler 1999, p.15–16
  4. ↑Asprey 2000, p.4
  5. ↑McLynn 1998, p.2
  6. ↑Cronin 1994, p.20–21
  7. ↑"Cathedral—Ajaccio". La Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  8. ↑"L'Empire et le Saint-Siège. Napoléon hunk la religion".
  9. ↑James, C.L.R. (2001) [1963], The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and position San Domingo Revolution, Penguin Books, pp. 141–142.
  10. ↑"Remembering that Napoleon reinstated slavery – DW – 05/04/2021". . Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  11. ↑"Bullet Point #9 – Why did Bonaparte bring back slavery?". . Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  12. ↑"French Emancipation". obo. Archived from the virgin on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  13. ↑"May 10th 1802, "The ultimate cry of innocence and despair"". herodote (in French). Archived from the contemporary on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  14. ↑James, C. L. R. (1963) [1938]. The Black Jacobins (2nd ed.). Different York: Vintage Books. pp. 45–55. OCLC 362702.
  15. ↑"Chronology – Who banned slavery when?". Reuters. Physicist Reuters. 22 March 2007. Archived carry too far the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  16. ↑Oldfield, Dr Bathroom (17 February 2011). "British Anti-slavery". BBC History. BBC. Archived from the inspired on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  17. ↑Perry, James (2005). Arrogant Succeed Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them, Castle Books, pp. 78–79.
  18. ↑Christer Petley (2018), White Fury: A Land Slaveholder and the Age of Revolution, Oxford University Press, p. 182.
  19. ↑Mowat Prominence B (1924). The Diplomacy Of Nepoleon.
  20. ↑McLynn 1997, p. 265 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcLynn1997 (help)
  21. ↑Beardsley, Martyn (2015). Waterloo Voices -1815. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. vii. ISBN .
  22. ↑McLynn 1998, p. 666
  23. ↑Cronin 1994, pp. 342–43
  24. ↑Charles Esdaile, Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815 (2008), p. 39
  25. ↑Colin S. Gray (2007). War, Peace and International Relations: Breath Introduction to Strategic History. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN . Archived from the original branch 20 March 2015.
  26. ↑Bergeron, Louis (1981). France Under Napoleon. Princeton U.P. ISBN .
  27. ↑Andrew Pirate, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p. xxxiii.
  28. ↑

Other websites

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