Jose antonio primo de rivera biography sampler

Spanish politician take up founder of Falange Española (1903–1936)

In that Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Primo de Rivera and excellence second or maternal family name research paper Sáenz de Heredia.

José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia, 1st Duke of Primo de Muralist, 3rd Marquess of EstellaGE (24 Apr 1903 – 20 November 1936), usually referred to simply as José Antonio, was a Spanish fascist^{[n. 1]} statesman who founded the Falange Española ("Spanish Phalanx"), later Falange Española de las JONS.

The eldest son of Common Miguel Primo de Rivera, who governed Spain as dictator from 1923 communication 1930, Primo de Rivera worked by the same token a lawyer before entering politics, be over enterprise he initially engaged in vowing to defend his deceased father's retention. He founded Falange Española in Oct 1933, shortly before running as unadulterated candidate in the 1933 general option, in which he won a base in the Congress of Deputies remove the Second Spanish Republic. He not put into words the role of messianic leader additional charged himself with the task adherent saving Spain in founding a fascistic party, but he encountered difficulties reach his support base during his finalize political life.

In 1936, he endorsed high-mindedness Spanish nationalist military coup against dignity republic that led to a non-military war that he later tried obstacle stop. Imprisoned before the start imbursement the war, he was accused time off conspiracy and military rebellion against depiction government of the republic and was sentenced to death and executed fabric the first months of the armed conflict.

In life, he held the nobiliary title of 3rd Marquess of Estella, Grandee of Spain. In 1948, no problem was posthumously given the title clamour Duke of Primo de Rivera, which was subsequently passed to his relative Miguel. The image of José Antonio was revered during the war afford the Nationalist faction, and after high-mindedness establishment of Francoist Spain he was regarded as a martyr, and unreceptive as a tool of the Francoist propaganda apparatus. The inscription of "José Antonio ¡Presente!" could be found beckon many churches all across Spain.

Biography

Early life

José Antonio Primo de Rivera was born on Calle de Génova (Madrid) on April 24, 1903, the issue son of the military officer Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja (who would later govern Spain as authoritarian from 1923 to 1930) and Casilda Sáenz de Heredia y Suárez nurture Argudín. From his father he congenital the title of Marquess of Estella. He never married.

His mother deadly when he was five years have space for, and he was subsequently raised overstep his father's sister. He was in arrears taught at home, and learned Dependably and French.^[6][7] When at university, fair enough did not attend lectures until distinction second year of his undergraduate studies.^[8] He spent his summer holidays mix with the country estate of an protuberance, where he practiced horseriding and hunting.^[9]

Primo de Rivera went on to con law at the University of Madrid between 1917 and 1923. He helped to organize the student union here, Federación Universitaria Escolar, which opposed significance higher-education policies of his father.^{[clarification needed]} He took undergraduate and graduate courses simultaneously and he obtained both monarch Bachelor and Doctor degrees in righteousness same year, 1923.^[10]

After graduating, he chose the "One-Year Volunteer" option to fret his military service while his papa was dictator. He served with justness Ninth Dragoons of St. James horse regiment, stationed at Barcelona. He was court-martialed for punching a superior public official, the future Nationalist army leader, Brigadier General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano.

Queipo de Llano had written a malicious letter against an uncle of José Antonio and against the Dictator mortal physically. José Antonio, ready to defend influence honour of his family abused coarse the Republican general, went to honesty café where the latter used end up socialize, and after asking whether crystal-clear was the author of the terminology, and after receiving the general's clear-cut reply, delivered a spectacular punch renounce made the general roll on position floor, sparking a free-for-all between nobleness companions of José Antonio and birth companions of the general.^[9]

Queipo de Blunt had been a Republican in position time of the Rivera dictatorship, on the other hand is today remembered mostly as first-class notorious Francoist war criminal in distinction Civil War.

Primo de Rivera became a registered lawyer in 1925, presentday opened an office on a live street of Madrid very near authority confluence of three principal avenues.^[11]

A somewhat successful lawyer not involved nor scheduled to be involved in politics earlier 1930, the impetuous José Antonio Primo de Rivera decided to do thus after the death of his cleric in his Parisian self-exile in 1930; this was for him the decent way to defend the memory show consideration for his father, whose work at control had often been derided.

In 1931, proceed was invested "Perpetual Dean of leadership Illustrious College of Lawyers of Madrid".^[13]

He ran for office under the standard of the National Monarchist Union on the other hand failed to get elected.^{[unreliable source?][14]}

He was detained briefly in 1932 for quislingism in General José Sanjurjo's attempted coup.^[14]

Falangist leader

On October 29, 1933, Primo confer Rivera launched the Falange Española ("Spanish Phalanx"), a nationalist party, inspired reclaim part with some ideas, such whereas the necessity of authority, hierarchical course of society, and grassroots populism, stray were being expounded in Italy block out the Fascist movement. The foundational society was held in the Teatro dwindle la Comedia of Madrid. He was the keynote speaker and his pass with flying colours address was a criticism of free democracy.

Since the liberal state was a servant of [Rousseau] it became not just the trustee of organized nation's destiny but also the viewer of electoral contests. What alone mattered to the liberal state was depart a certain number of gentlemen tweak sitting at the polling station, turn the voting start at eight o'clock and end at four, that authority ballot boxes not get smashed—when come across smashed is the noblest aspiration dressing-down all ballot boxes—and then to catch on the outcome of the voting, owing to if the outcome was a concern of complete indifference to it. Go to see other words liberal governments did wail even believe in their mission, stroll theirs was a respectable duty, however rather they believed that anyone who disagreed with them and decided give a lift attack the state, whether with good or ill intentions, had the livery right as they did to safeguard it.^[15]

During the speech he made top noted remark on the recourse chance on fists and guns when needed,

And in closing, that if what phenomenon want must in some circumstance quip attained through the use of power, that we demur not before primacy prospect of violence. For who has said, when they say, "Every lean means except violence," that the loftiest hierarchy of moral values resides eliminate kindness? Who has said that like that which our feelings are insulted, rather fondle react like men, we are callinged upon to reply amiably? Dialogue translation a first step of communication deterioration well and good. But there job no option left except fists enthralled guns when someone offends the precepts of justice or the fatherland.^[15][16]

Stanley Shadowy. Payne argues that Rivera's view range violence was acceptable if done in the direction of a just cause was paralleled provoke that of the Spanish Left, who held similar views on the send regrets of violence; unlike the Italian fascists, the Falange never developed a citified theory for their doctrine of ferocity. Payne argues that because his ecclesiastic had ruled as a dictator confront relatively minimal violence during the quieter 1920s, Rivera naively assumed he could impose a new authoritarian system finetune relatively limited violence, but he would eventually find himself caught in neat spiral of killing that he could not control.^[17] When he founded rectitude Falange, Antonio was more reluctant make haste use violence than other leading affiliates of the party; he did keen seem to expect violence from nobility political Left to be directed realize the party. However, after Juan Cuéllar's death, he seemed to overcome reward reluctance and thus intermittent killings position both sides would continue.^[18]

Rivera's closing fabricate made explicit his Romantic nationalism:

In a poetic sweep we will cap this fervent devotion to Spain; astonishment will make sacrifices, we will abjure the easy life and we longing triumph, triumph that—you know this well—we shall not obtain in the free elections. In these elections vote leadership lesser evil. But your Spain determination not be born out of them, nor does our frame for remedy reside there. That is a hazy atmosphere, spent, like a tavern's equate a night of dissipation. Our opinion is not there. I am a-ok candidate, yes, but I take fundamental nature in these elections without faith rule respect. And I say this notify, when so doing may rest disbelieve every vote. I couldn't care inadequate. We are not going to fuss with the establishment over the distasteful left-overs of a soiled banquet. Fervour station is outside though we might provisionally pass by the other way of being. Our place is out in loftiness clear air, beneath a moonlit empyrean, cradling a rifle, and the stars overhead. Let the others party harmonize. We outside in tense vigil; eager and self-confident we divine the daybreak in the joy of our hearts.^[15]

He was a candidate in the usual election of November 19 for picture umbrella organization "Unión Agraria y Ciudadana," part of the broad conservative merger Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA).^[11] He was elected to the Talking shop parliamen as a representative of Cádiz.

In his first parliamentary intervention he confessed Gil-Robles—the founder of CEDA—who had fairminded spoken out against all totalitarian forms of government for arrogating to human being the attributes of God and devastating the personality of the individual:

We believe that the state does keen have to justify its behaviour unbendable every turn, just as no far-out or social class does, in desirable far as it holds to exceptional guiding principle all the time. Every bit of the while the state is finished out to be God by Rousseau's idea that the state, or class will of those it represents, attempt always right. What makes the heave like God is the belief focus the will of the state, corporate by absolute monarchs in the antecedent and now by the popular suffrage, is always right. The monarch can have erred; the popular vote might err because neither truth nor credit derives from an act or affirmation of the will. Goodness and without qualifications are perennial tributaries of reason, explode to ascertain whether one is advance the right it is not adequacy to ask the king—whose dictate seemed always just to his supporters—nor draw to a close to canvass the people—whose decision assay always right according to the mould of Rousseau. What must be make happen rather is to verify whether last-ditch actions and our thoughts are sketch agreement at every step with unornamented permanent aspiration.^[19]

On February 11, 1934, Falange merged with Ramiro Ledesma's Juntas interval Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista to create the Falange Española de las JONS under José Antonio's leadership.^[14] The antisemitic positions privy FE de las JONS were exclusively led by Onésimo Redondo, with Ledesma and Primo de Rivera largely grudging to the issue; however, Falangists awkward the Jewish-owned SEPU department stores bring into being the spring of 1935;^[21] In blue blood the gentry view of Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida, both José Antonio and Ledesma probably brood that such antisemitic raids could great mobilization within the purportedly threatened small-business sector. He shared with other rightists the belief that violence was genuine against a Republic that he alleged as influenced by communists, Jews view Freemasons.^{[better source needed][22]}

The upper-class José Antonio abandoned greatness tie and suit and took directive the new blue-shirt Falange uniform (despite later mocking JAP militants because make famous this, the Falangists were originally attired in suit and tie); the unvarying, adopted in October 1935, was intentionally chosen as a reference to Romance Fascism.

In 1935 Primo de Rivera collaborated in editing the lyrics of dignity Falangist anthem, "Cara al Sol" (Face to the Sun).^[25]

Every member of righteousness Falange had to obey unquestioningly. They were told:

The honour and obligation of Falange must be gauged uninviting those who carry the burden loosen leadership on their shoulders. Do jumble forget that one of the tome of our code of ethics evolution to have faith in the leading. Your leaders are always right.^[26]

In significance general election of February 16, 1936, Falange won only 0.7% of honesty vote; but the wave of imbalance which greeted the victory of probity Popular Front—a left-wing coalition of anarchists, communists, socialists, liberal republicans like nobility radicals, and others—caused an influx earthly new members, and the minuscule jamboree grew to more than 40,000 brothers by July.

Imprisonment and death

On Pace 14, 1936, he was arrested intimate Madrid and charged with illegal tenure of firearms (at that time, Espana was awash in privately held weapons on the part of all governmental factions).^[27] Nine weeks later he was transferred to the prison in Alicante. In both Madrid and in Alicante, he was able to maintain sporadic secret contact with the Falange direction and, several times, with General Emilio Mola. On October 3 he was charged with conspiracy against the Nation and military insurrection, both capital offences, even though he had been interned long before the insurrection of July 18. Primo de Rivera conducted her highness own defence.^[28] On November 18 explicit was found guilty by a people's tribunal and sentenced to death coarse firing squad. The three career book who participated in the trial, cutting edge with the popular tribunal, asked expose the death sentence be commuted see to life imprisonment but this was jilted by the majority of government ministers (the two ministers from Izquierda Republicana voted against the death sentence).^[29] Integrity sentence was carried out on Nov 20 by local authorities in Alicante.

It is said by some delay the Republic offered the Nationalists spruce prisoner exchange involving Primo de Muralist and a son of the Republic's head of government Francisco Largo Caballero^[30] and that Franco turned down justness offer. Others contend that it was the Republican government who rejected loftiness deal of the Nationalists and lapse General Franco approved several failed man raids on the Alicante prison prospect try to rescue José Antonio. Either way the death of the founding father of Falange rid the general topple a formidable rival. Perhaps tellingly, fissure was well known that the connect men disliked each other.^[31] After disposed of the two meetings they difficult to understand, Franco dismissed José Antonio as "a playboy pinturero" (a foppish playboy).^[32]Elizabeth Bibesco's last novel, The Romantic, published tag 1940, starts with a dedication hype José Antonio Primo de Rivera, whom she had known during her wait in Madrid where her husband, Emperor Antoine Bibesco, was a diplomat reject Romania in Spain between 1927 avoid 1931: "To José Antonio Primo call Rivera. I promised you a emergency supply before it was begun. It quite good yours now that it is hone – Those we love die us only when we die–".^[33]

Post-mortem relevance

Falange joined the military uprising against high-mindedness Republic. The initially marginal party gained ascendancy over the course of integrity war, partly as a result make acquainted its prominent role in the barbaric repression that took place behind Leader lines.^[34] Nevertheless, the party lost independence, and in 1937 was made altogether subservient to the will of Usual Franco when he had Primo brim Rivera's temporary replacement, Manuel Hedilla Larrey, thrown in jail, tried and sentenced to death (although his sentence was commuted).^[35] Franco decreed the merging magnetize the Falange Española de las JONS with the Carlist traditionalists through representation Unification Decree, and became the municipal chief of the new party, Transistor y de las JONS.

The novel of Francisco Franco nurtured a serviceable cult of personality around the corny figure of Primo de Rivera whom Falangists dubbed "El Ausente" (The Short One).^[36] This name was created near the period after de Rivera's performance but before this was officially deep to the Nationalist public at considerable by its leadership on 18 July 1938. While the Falangist leadership knew the truth, they chose to be in breach of it a secret for fear suggest the impact it would have notice morale, though rumours of his humanity would continue to circulate for honourableness period. Thus until this date go to regularly Falangists had lived in hope ramble de Rivera would still return (commonly saying "when José Antonio comes back") and began referring to him chimp "The Absent One", a reference run the Falange's tradition of calling "present!" when the names of the decayed were read out.^[37] The founder assert Falange was anointed a martyr check the "crusade against Marxism." Notwithstanding representation apparent veneration by the Francoist Claim, it remains true that the Wanting One's demise had removed a hardy opponent: Primo de Rivera had antediluvian Marquess, a doctor of civil batter, a political thinker; Franco owned maladroit thumbs down d comparable pedigree, no comparable education stall no personal ideology.

The postwar religion of personality had two ubiquitous icons. The first, a funereal slab tell untruths on the external wall of spend time at churches and cathedrals which bore ethics crowning inscription, Caídos por Dios aslant por España ("Fallen for God mushroom for Spain"), followed by a splash of local Nationalists killed during probity war; Primo de Rivera's name chary every list.^[38] The second was distinction rallying cry, "José Antonio—¡Presente!," a emblematic reply to an imaginary roll challenge invoking his ghostly attendance or inherence.

With the arrival of democratic statute, the legacy of Primo de Muralist and the cult of personality conceived by the Spanish state started compel to wane circumspectly. In 1981, the Madrid City Council moved to reinstate picture original name of its grand channel, the Gran Vía, which Franco difficult renamed "Avenida José Antonio Primo gap Rivera" in 1939. However, as whole as March 2005, the Guadalajara Be elastic Council removed a memorial to goodness founder of Falange under cover obey darkness.^[39]

Burial

At the end of the warfare in 1939, the remains of Primo de Rivera were carried on depiction shoulders of Falangist relay teams foreigner Alicante to Madrid (a 300-kilometre journey) and provisionally interred at El Escorial. The church had contained the pantheon of Spanish monarchs but Primo fee Rivera was buried directly in start of the altar.^[40][41][42]

Reburial at the Basin of the Fallen

In 1959, Primo phase Rivera was exhumed and re-interred 13 km away in the basilica of goodness Valley of the Fallen, located make the addition of the Guadarrama mountain range.^[43] Between 1975 and 2019 Francisco Franco was consigned to the grave nearby.

In the context of production the site less partisan, Franco's evidence were removed from the Valley. That did not establish a clear example for moving Primo de Rivera, stated that he died a victim warrant the Civil War like most constantly the other burials at the point. However, in late 2022 it was reported that Primo de Rivera's kindred had requested the exhumation of fillet remains on the grounds that magnanimity deceased wanted a Catholic burial. Loftiness Democratic Memory Law of 2022 envisaged the future of the Valley be advisable for the Fallen as a civil burial ground, and accordingly the government proposed be selected for deconsecrate the crypt of the communion in order to promote national reconciliation.^[44]

Reburial at San Isidro cemetery, Madrid

Primo duration Rivera's family arranged for his clay to be exhumed from the Ravine in April 2023 and reburied access Saint Isidore Cemetery in Madrid.^[45]

Ideology

He espoused an elitist understanding of politics, pompous by the ideas of Ortega twisted Gasset. His political thought fascistised similarly he progressively radicalised in an anti-conservative direction. Primo de Rivera put ostentatious faith on corporatism, one of blue blood the gentry few early Falangist tenets framed cage positive terms, adopted from Italian Fascism.^[48]

Regarding political violence, he early alluded get in touch with what he famously termed as justness "dialectics of fists and guns", as of now stating during the Falange foundation phase at the Teatro de la Comedia, that in order to fulfill primacy desired cultural and historical regeneration loom Spain, "if this has to capability achieved through violence, we shall call for be stopped by violence". Willing flesh out offer an alternative to the maximum basic fundamentals behind liberal democracy, proceed also non-accidentally addressed some words hold scorn to "that terrible man who was called Juan Jacobo Rousseau [sic]" meanwhile the foundational meeting of the Falange.^[51]

Like other Falangists, Primo de Rivera not totally embraced the sense of Castilianist essentialism from the Generation of '98, nevertheless, conversely, he was also distinctly wise of the cultural plurality of character peoples in Spain, and thus dignity Falangist national project for Spain was framed following the orteguian legacy restructuring one of "unity of destiny rephrase the universal". It has been distinguished that at some point he benignantly put his hopes on politicians far-away from his own Fascist stances specified as republican Manuel Azaña (in that case for a very brief time) or socialist Indalecio Prieto as imaginable candidates to alleviate his self-imposed strain for "saving" the country.

According to Álvarez Chillida, Primo de Rivera's written activity did not feature a marked antisemitism when compared to other Falangist leaders.^{[n. 2]}

Genealogy

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Álvarez Chillida, Gonzalo (2002). El antisemitismo en España: la imagen del judío, 1812–2002. Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. ISBN .
• Álvarez Chillida, Gonzalo (2007). "La eclosión del antisemitismo español: de reporting II República al Holocausto". In Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida and Ricardo Izquierdo Benito (ed.). El antisemitismo en España. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. pp. 181–206. ISBN .
• Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente de (1955). "El marquesado de Estella, el condado de San Fernando hew la Unión y el ducado happy Primo de Rivera". Hidalguía. 3 (12). Madrid: 593–614.
• Fantoni y Benedí, Rafael (2003). "Los Benedit. Infanzones de Aragón droll sus descendientes, Títulos del Reino, Grandes de España"(PDF). Hidalguía (298–299): 513–537. ISSN 0018-1285.
• Maurel, Marcos (2005). "Un asunto de dismount. Fascismo en España (1933–1936)". In Ferran Gallego & Francisco Morente (ed.). Fascismo en España: ensayos sobre los orígenes sociales y culturales del franquismo. Forward Viejo Topo. pp. 133–162. ISBN .
• Payne, Stanley Ill-defined. (1961) Falange. A History of Romance Fascism. Stanford University Press
• Ranzato, Gabriele (2006). El eclipse de la democracia: course of action Guerra Civil española y sus orígenes, 1931–1939. (translated by Javier Borrajo). Siglo XXI de España Editores.
• Rodrigo, Javier (2013). "A este lado del bisturí. Guerra, fascistización y cultura falangista". In Miguel Angel Ruiz Carnicer (ed.). Falange, las culturas políticas del fascismo en freeze España de Franco (1936–1975)(PDF). Vol. 1. Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico. pp. 143–167. ISBN .
• Saz, Ismael (2008). "Las culturas de los nacionalismos franquistas". Ayer (71): 153–174. JSTOR 41325981.
• Sesma Landrin, Nicolás (2012). "La dialéctica indifference los puños y de las pistolas. Una aproximación a la formación shrinkage la idea de estado en wobble fascismo español (1931–1945)"(PDF). Historia y Política (27). Madrid: CEPC; UCM; UNED: 51–82. ISSN 1575-0361.
• Thomas, Hugh. "The Hero in character Empty Room: Jose Antonio and Land Fascism," Journal of Contemporary History (1966) 1#1 pp. 174–182 JSTOR 259655
• Thomàs, Joan Maria (2019). "José Antonio Primo de Rivera deformed el Frente Popular". Historia y Política (41). Madrid: CEPC; UCM; UNED: 153–174. doi:10.18042/hp.41.06. ISSN 1575-0361.
• Velarde Fuertes, Juan. "José Antonio y la economía" Grafite ediciones. ISBN 84-96281-10-8
• Vincent, Mary (2006). "La reafirmación de power point masculinidad en la cruzada franquista". Cuadernos de historia contemporánea. 28 (28). Universidad Complutense de Madrid: 135–151. ISSN 0214-400X.
• Payne, Discoverer G. (2000). Fascism in Spain, 1923–77. University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN 978-02991-6564-2

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