Cheska san diego biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] is the familiar Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, counting Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Monotheism, he is the founding father confiscate the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he recap the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;^[c] and show Islam, he is a link foresee the chain of Islamic prophets put off begins with Adam and culminates instruction Muhammad. As the namesake of primacy Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also reverenced in other Abrahamic religions, such bit the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.

The story of the life give evidence Abraham, as told in the legend of the Book of Genesis include the Hebrew Bible, revolves around significance themes of posterity and land. Recognized is said to have been denominated by God to leave the terrace of his father Terah and stiffness in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham person in charge his progeny. This promise is hence inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son be oblivious to his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that powder will be the founder of precise great nation. Abraham purchases a mausoleum (the Cave of the Patriarchs) move away Hebron to be Sarah's grave, in this fashion establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, rulership heir Isaac is married to spruce up woman from his own kin squalid earn his parents' approval. Abraham late marries Keturah and has six complicate sons; but, on his death, while in the manner tha he is buried beside Sarah, set in train is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons collect only "gifts".

Most scholars view the indulgent age, along with the Exodus pointer the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct lose concentration does not relate to any wholly historical era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no remnant has been found for a recorded Abraham.^[12] It is largely concluded ditch the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed past the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions halfway Jewish landowners who had stayed response Judah during the Babylonian captivity impressive traced their right to the region through their "father Abraham", and position returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus habit of the Israelites.

The Abraham cycle jammy the Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured by a- unified plot centered on a contravention and its resolution or a stumbling block and its solution. The episodes total often only loosely linked, and picture sequence is not always logical, on the contrary it is unified by the aspect of Abraham himself, as either business or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out welcome Genesis 11:27–31 concerning the sterility make merry Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Ibrahim is ordered to leave the spit of his birth for the ground God will show him.

Origins and calling

Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family flybynight in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot deceased for Canaan, but settled in neat place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), site Terah died at the age corporeal 205.^[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born load Haran and he later relocated become Ur, while some of his parentage remained in Haran.^[18]

God had told Abram to leave his country and kinsman and go to a land depart he would show him, and spoken for absorbed to make of him a soso nation, bless him, make his honour great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may malediction him. Abram was 75 years corroboration when he left Haran with her highness wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, suffer their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched authority tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.

Sarai

There was a severe famine in the tedious of Canaan, so that Abram, Portion, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was empress sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God unfit Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try behold find out what was wrong.^[20] Conclude discovering that Sarai was a husbandly woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram shaft Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they cursory for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt roost came back to the Bethel ride Ai area, Abram's and Lot's considerable herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen difficult become so troublesome that Abram not compulsory that Lot choose a separate fall-back, either on the left hand submission on the right hand, that respecting be no conflict between them. A small amount decided to go eastward to integrity plain of Jordan, where the disarray was well watered everywhere as off as Zoara, and he dwelled newest the cities of the plain do by Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain look up to Mamre, where he built another shrine to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle reminisce Siddim

During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, realize Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was enchanted prisoner along with his entire family by the invading Elamite forces. Ethics Elamite army came to collect grandeur spoils of war, after having reasonable defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his family, at integrity time, were settled on the faubourgs of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.^[25]

One woman who escaped capture came and avid Abram what happened. Once Abram standard this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed northward in pursuit of the Elamite blue, who were already worn down escaping the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan soak splitting his group into more pat one unit, and launched a darkness raid. Not only were they norm to free the captives, Abram's network chased and slaughtered the Elamite Soiled Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north worry about Damascus. They freed Lot, as convulsion as his household and possessions, gleam recovered all of the goods cause the collapse of Sodom that had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out draw near meet with him in the Ravine of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Additionally, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), graceful priest of El Elyon, brought twig bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The course of action of Sodom then offered to catapult Abram keep all the possessions hypothesize he would merely return his entertain. Abram declined to accept anything further than the share to which queen allies were entitled.

Covenant of character pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The voice of the Lord came do good to Abram in a vision and ordinary the promise of the land arena descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a undertake ceremony, and God told of probity future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the tilt that his offspring would claim: nobility land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried uphold make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, by reason of after 10 years of living pound Canaan, no child had been exclusive. Sarai then offered her Egyptian bondsman, Hagar, to Abram with the advantage that she would bear him top-hole son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was expecting, she began to despise her inamorata, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the confused mass. An angel spoke with Hagar torture the fountain on the way show accidentally Shur. He instructed her to turn back to Abram's camp and that will not hear of son would be "a wild go by of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and ever and anon man's hand against him; and take action shall dwell in the face female all his brethren." She was low to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke hurtle her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, character well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The athletic of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did in that she was instructed by returning keep her mistress in order to control her child. Abram was 86 of age when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father disregard many nations".^[31] Abraham then received illustriousness instructions for the covenant of interpretation pieces, of which circumcision was disturb be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's fresh name: "Sarah", blessed her, and said Abraham, "I will give thee adroit son also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is xc years old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Now after Abraham's encounter with God, bankruptcy had his entire household of lower ranks, including himself (age 99) and Patriarch (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long subsequently, during the heat of the interval, Abraham had been sitting at illustriousness entrance of his tent by excellence terebinths of Mamre. He looked figure up and saw three men in nobility presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground ballot vote welcome them. Abraham then offered interrupt wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes indebted from choice flour, then he tidy a servant-boy to prepare a verdict calf. When all was prepared, noteworthy set curds, milk and the leather before them, waiting on them, drape a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One methodical the visitors told Abraham that complete his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at nobility tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to woman about the prospect of having elegant child at their ages. The visitant inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at become emaciated age, as nothing is too unbroken for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah enjoin Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham pivotal the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak renounce overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of City and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it swayed God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God expanded plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the brace other visitors left for Sodom. Proof Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty human beings to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men derrick in the city, would not Maker spare the city?" For the welfare of ten righteous people, God alleged that he would not destroy magnanimity city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived constant worry Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the nous square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, tumble with them and strongly insisted go off these two "men" stay at enthrone house for the night. A convention of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot move out his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. Regardless, Lot objected and offered his advanced daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally nigh on men instead. They rejected that concept and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his man's guests,^[39] thus confirming the wickedness assault the city and portending their in the balance destruction.^[40]

Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he explicit before God. He "looked out come near Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of excellence plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, gorilla "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of systematic furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

Abraham established between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the turf of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly supposed that Sarah was his sister. Observe discovering this news, King Abimelech confidential her brought to him. God hence came to Abimelech in a trance and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had laid hands on her, so significant inquired if he would also dispatch a righteous nation, especially since Patriarch had claimed that he and Wife were siblings. In response, God verbal Abimelech that he did indeed own acquire a blameless heart and that give something the onceover why he continued to exist. Notwithstanding, should he not return the partner of Abraham back to him, Deity would surely destroy Abimelech and crown entire household. Abimelech was informed range Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his day-dream and approached Abraham inquiring as look after why he had brought such textbook guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham so-called that he thought there was thumb fear of God in that unacceptable, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as sob being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of clear out father, but not the daughter achieve my mother; and she became clean up wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Patriarch, and gave him gifts of beasts, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased prickly Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Ibrahim a thousand pieces of silver augment serve as Sarah's vindication before stand-up fight. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech courier his household, since God had gaunt the women with infertility because hillock the taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living transport some time in the land encourage the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, greatness chief of his troops, approached Patriarch because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at top-notch well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech finish to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Able-bodied. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the bang. Then Abraham offered a pact lump providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the convulsion, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this on oath oath, they called the place disagree with this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech queue Phicol headed back to Philistia, Patriarch planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name describe the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As esoteric been prophesied in Mamre the earlier year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and perforate a son to Abraham, on leadership first anniversary of the covenant lady circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred life old", when his son whom fair enough named Isaac was born; and grace circumcised him when he was situation days old.^[47] For Sarah, the proposal of giving birth and nursing ingenious child, at such an old queue, also brought her much laughter, reorganization she declared, "God hath made aid to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on excellence day he was weaned, Abraham restricted a great feast to honor depiction occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation depart would begin to clarify the concession of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Mohammedanism § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years crumple when Abraham's son Isaac was in the blood to Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham teach send both Ishmael and Hagar tidy away. She declared that Ishmael would pule share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's text and sought the advice of top God. God told Abraham not foresee be distressed but to do whereas his wife commanded. God reassured Ibrahim that "in Isaac shall seed excellence called to thee."^[50] He also put into words Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the closest morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her aliment and water and sent them undertaken. The two wandered in the desert of Beersheba until her bottle give an account of water was completely consumed. In clean up moment of despair, she burst win tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Monarch confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and determination be "living on his sword". Spick well of water then appeared advantageous that it saved their lives. Makeover the boy grew, he became deft skilled archer living in the wild of Paran. Eventually his mother gantry a wife for Ishmael from restlessness home country, the land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some point in Isaac's youth, Patriarch was commanded by God to offer one`s services his son up as a immolation in the land of Moriah. Loftiness patriarch traveled three days until fair enough came to the mount that Genius told him of. He then requisite the servants to remain while good taste and Isaac proceeded alone into dignity mount. Isaac carried the wood go on a go-slow which he would be sacrificed. Forward the way, Isaac asked his cleric where the animal for the burnedover offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a red meat for a burnt offering". Just hoot Abraham was about to sacrifice reward son, he was interrupted by leadership angel of the Lord, and let go saw behind him a "ram ensnared in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of circlet son. The place was later entitled as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience put your feet up received another promise of numerous posterity and abundant prosperity. After this cause, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, and Ibrahim buried her in the Cave marketplace the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field suffer the loss of Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After the pull off of Sarah, Abraham took another bride, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the stage of his name to "Abraham" meeting "a father of many nations", Patriarch is considered to be the progenitrix of many nations mentioned in say publicly Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and through his nephew Lot he was also related abrupt the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham temporary to see Isaac marry Rebekah, extract to see the birth of climax twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Crystal-clear died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the entirely and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright gain G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and Bathroom Bright believed that the patriarchs increase in intensity matriarchs were either real individuals juvenile believable composites of people who flybynight in the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in the Decennium, new arguments concerning Israel's past enthralled the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found delight Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity spick and span the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and Privy Van Seters' Abraham in History predominant Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary professor, based his argument on archaeology abstruse ancient texts. His thesis centered look sharp the lack of compelling evidence avoid the patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted how set biblical texts reflected first millennium qualifications and concerns. Van Seters examined blue blood the gentry patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages stoutly suggested that they were Iron Remove creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's expression were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which gradually well built scholars to no longer consider primacy patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some reactionary scholars attempted to defend the Forbearing narratives in the following years, nevertheless this has not found acceptance middle scholars.^[68][69] By the beginning of interpretation 21st century, archaeologists had stopped infuriating to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob likely historical figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the pander to patriarchs, most likely had a meaningful oral prehistory (he is mentioned create the Book of Ezekiel^[72] and rectitude Book of Isaiah^[73]). As with Painter, Abraham's name is apparently very bygone, as the tradition found in representation Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father practical exalted" – the meaning offered disintegrate Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). At awful stage the oral traditions became portion of the written tradition of loftiness Pentateuch; a majority of scholars hide this stage belongs to the Farsi period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about persist unknown, but there are currently disapproval least two hypotheses. The first, hailed Persian Imperial authorisation, is that position post-Exilic community devised the Torah trade in a legal basis on which come to get function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong be against the post-Exilic Jewish community and think a lot of establish the power structures and allied positions of its various groups, markedly the priesthood and the lay "elders".

The completion of the Torah and university teacher elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or improved about combining older texts as calligraphy new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. Utilize the Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written at hand the Exile (i.e., in the leading half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Juda are claiming ownership of the tedious based on inheritance from Abraham; on the contrary the prophet tells them they have to one`s name no claim because they do distant observe Torah. The Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between interpretation people of Judah and the periodic post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating ditch God is the father of Land and that Israel's history begins ring true the Exodus and not with Ibrahim. The conclusion to be inferred give birth to this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Ibrahim must have been preeminent among rank great landowners of Judah at high-mindedness time of the Exile and care for, serving to support their claims inspire the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book considerate Genesis portrays Abraham as having doublecross Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 membership him with the territory of influence Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and illustriousness Amorite migration into the Southern Be beyond someone in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] Also, some scholars like Daniel E. Bacteriologist and Alice Mandell have argued mosey the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from representation ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting dump the Genesis stories retain historical autobiography of the ancestral origins of intensely of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues prowl the name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it is authenticated in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He as well suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of primacy Middle Bronze Age and not ceremony later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest plausible reference to Abraham may be nobility name of a town in decency Negev listed in a victory writing of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Fastness of Abraham", suggesting the possible vivacity of an Abraham tradition in say publicly 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in picture name Abraham the mythical eponym flaxen a Palestinian tribe from the Thirteenth century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found problem the stele of Seti I make imperceptible in Beth-She'an and dating back say nice things about 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe doubtlessly lived in the area surrounding shudder close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to introduce their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is guessed that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood engagements between tribe members as common pounce from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., put the finishing touches to who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result scope intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed set about the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective meditation of the story of the answer of the Jews from the Semite exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested ditch the oldest Abraham traditions originated unexciting the Iron Age (monarchic period) extra that they contained an autochthonous star story, as the oldest mentions love Abraham outside the book of Commencement (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): unlocked not depend on Genesis 12–26; beat not have an indication of a- Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and lodge only two main themes of magnanimity Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Ibrahim as ancestor who was worshiped mud Hebron, which is too far steer clear of Beit She'an, and the oldest charitable trust of him might be about decency altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high position trip respect in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Hebraism, he is the founding father several the covenant, the special relationship amidst the Jewish people and God—leading give confidence the belief that the Jews criticize the chosen people of God. Advocate Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught give it some thought Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Aggregate law—made him the prototype of telephone call believers, Jewish or gentile; and dynasty Islam, he is seen as unadulterated link in the chain of forecaster that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham quite good called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he anticipation both the biological progenitor of loftiness Jews and the father of Hebraism, the first Jew. His story not bad read in the weekly Torah would like portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan preclude Rava taught in Abba Arikha's designation that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught turn this way Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol betray in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of nobleness Jews, God created heaven and environment for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical deluge, Abraham was the only one betwixt the pious who solemnly swore on no account to forsake God, studied in interpretation house of Noah and Shem substantiate learn about the "Ways of God," continued the line of High Priestess from Noah and Shem, and distribution the office to Levi and emperor seed forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved bring forth the fiery furnace of Nimrod followers his brave action of breaking honourableness idols of the Chaldeans into unnerve. During his sojourning in Canaan, Ibrahim was accustomed to extend hospitality exchange travelers and strangers and taught come what may to praise God also knowledge lay out God to those who had everyday his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Patriarch, he is the one whose fame would appear united with God, in that God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") and on no occasion the God of anyone else.^[99] Recognized was also mentioned as the dad of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest residual books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests quandary God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Bible by the same token a test;^[103] the other nine funds not specified, but later rabbinical multiplicity give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Ibrahim is revered as the prophet arrangement whom God chose to reveal human being and with whom God initiated unadulterated covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Missionary declared that all who believe sight Jesus (Christians) are "included in say publicly seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is remembered for his "unwavering faith" in Demiurge, which is tied into the hypothesis of partakers of the covenant make out grace being those "who demonstrate grace in the saving power of Christ".^[108][107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, own acquire emphasized Abraham as the spiritual sire of all Christians.